RESOURCES FOR LEARNING GE'EZ: THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGE OF ETHIOPIA

RESOURCES FOR LEARNING GE'EZ-- THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGE OF ETHIOPIA

May 31, 2013

28: Decipher Text 5 - Gospel of Matthew

A few days ago, a private collector contacted me to identify for him the text on some vellum folios he acquired from Ethiopia. The pages are from a classical Ethiopic translation of the gospels - a bound codex at some point. Here’s an image from one of the folios -- the text is Matthew 17:1-3. The scribal hand is quite clear, but for greater clarity, I’ve transliterated and transcribed it below:



məʿərāf ((17)) waʾəmdəḫ-
-ra šellus mewāʿəl nešʾomu agziʾ
iyasus lapērosṭros lapeṭros wa-
-layaʿqob walayoḥannəs ʾəḫuhu waʾaʿra-
-gomu wasta dəbr nawāḫ ʾənta baḥəti-
-tomu watawallaṭa rāʿyu baqdumeho-
-mu waʾabraha gaṣṣu kama ḍaḥay waʾal-
-basihuni kona ḍaʿāy kama bərhān wa-
-nāhu ʾastarʾaywomu muse waʾe-
-lyās laʾənza yətnāgaru məslehu
ምዕራፍ ፲፯ ወእምድኅ
ሠሉስ መዋዕል ነሥኦሙ አግዚእ
ኢየሱስ ለጴሮስጥሮስ ለጴጥሮስ
ለያዕቆብ ወለዮሐንስ እኁሁ ወአዕረ
ጎሙ ወስተ ደብር ነዊኅ እንተ በሕቲ
ቶሙ ወተወለጠ ራዕዩ በቅዱሜሆ
ወአብርሀ ገጹ ከመ ፀሐይ ወአል
ባሲሁኒ ኮነ ፀዓይ ከመ ፡ብርሃን
ናሁ አስተርአይዎሙ ሙሴ ፡ወኤ
ልያስ ለእንዘ ይትናገሩ ምስሌሁ

May 19, 2013

27: Indicating Existence and Possession (Contd.)


27.1: The Preposition «ba-» (by, with, in) has several important functions. Much like the preposition «la-» (of, to, for) [see: 12.6], this preposition has a distinct set of pronominal suffixes:


Singular
Plural
3rd m.
bo
bomu
botu

3rd f.
bon
bāti
ቦቶ
boton
ቦን
bontu

2nd m.
bəki
ብክ
bəkəmu

2nd f.
bəka
ብክ
bəkən

1st c.
ብየ
bəya
ብነ
bəna


27.2: The negative particle with this preposition is the enclitic አል «al-»,  thus forming: አልቦሙ (albomu = not in them) አልብነ (albəna = not in us) etc.

27.3: The most important function of this preposition is that (with the 3rd m. sing. suffix) it indicates existence (there is…, there are…), just like the particle yeš in Hebrew, īt in Aramaic and thamma in Arabic. The following noun may sometimes decline in the accusative.

ቦ፡ቤት፡በዘሀገር።
bo bet ba-za-hagar
There is a house in this city.

አልቦ፡አብያት፡በዘሀገር።
al-bo abyāt ba-za-hagar
There are no houses in this city.

ቦቱ፡ከዋክብት፡በስመይ።
botu kawākəbt ba-smay
There are stars in the sky.

አልቦቱ፡ኮከበ፡በስመይ።
al-botu kokaba ba-smay
There is no star in the sky.

27.4: Also, note these examples:

ዘረከበኒ፡ወባሕቱ፡ኢዜነወ፡ሊተ፡ስሞ።
bo za-rakabani wabāḥəttu i-zenawa lita semo
There is someone who found me but he did not tell me his name.

አልቦ፡ዘሰምዐ፡ቃላቶሙ፡አመ፡ቦኡ፡ሀገረ።
albo za-samʿa qālātomu ama boʾu hagara
There was no one who heard their voices when they entered the city.

ቦ፡ዘጐዩ፡እምቤት፡ኀበ፡ደበዩ።
bo za-gʷayyu əm-bet xaba dabayu
There were those who fled from the house where they were hiding.

27.5: Another very common function of this preposition is that it indicates possession. The possessed object is usually declined in the accusative case, like the object of a verb.

ብነ፡ቤተ፡ዲበ፡ድብር።
bəna beta diba dəbr     
We have a house on the mountain.

ብየ፡ማየ፡ወአልብከ፡ማየ።
bəya māya wa-albəka māya.
I have water and you have no water.

ንግሥት፡አልባ፡አግብርተ፡በጽርሓ።
nəgəšt albā agbərta ba-ṣərḥā.
The queen has no servants in her chamber.

ቦቱ፡ካህን፡ክርታሳኖ።
botu kāhən kərtāsāno.
The priest has his scrolls.

አልቦሙ፡አራሚያን፡ሃይማኖተ።
albomu arāmiyān hāymānota.
The infidels have no faith.

May 9, 2013

26: Verbs: The Causative Form


26.1: Most verbs take on a causative sense when the suffix <<  >> (a-) is added to them. This sense includes causing directly, ordering, permitting, suggesting etc.  This suffix can give a causative sense to any of the verbal bases, producing Bc, Dc, Lc, Qc.

BASE
CAUSATIVE
B
ሞተ
to die
Bc
ሞተ
to put to death
ሐዘነ
to be sad
ዘነ
to sadden
ሐየወ
to live
ሕየወ
to restore to life
ነበረ
to reside
ንበረ
to deposit
ሮጸ
to run
ሮጸ
to cause to run
ርእየ
to see
ርአየ
to show
ሰምዐ
to hear
ስምዐ
to announce
ነደ
to burn
ንደደ
to set aflame

Note in the Bc construction the medial vowel disappears, so: ወደቀ (wadaqa – he fell) becomes ውደቀ (awdaqa– he cast down).

BASE
CAUSATIVE

D
ሠነየ
to be beautiful
Dc
ነየ
to decorate
ገበረ
to pay taxes
ገበረ
to impose tribute
ነሰሐ
to repent
ሰሐ
to lead to repentance
L
ማሰነ
to perish
Lc
ማሰነ
to destroy
ቤዘወ
to redeem
ቤዘወ
to have someone redeemed
Q
ደንገፀ
to be disturbed
Qc
ደንገፀ
to disturb


26.2: Note the slight phonetic change in the negation of causative verbs from “iʾa” to “iya”:

የት፡ቤቶ።         :         ኢየሠነየት፡ቤቶ።
ašannayat beto                               iyašannayat beto
She decorated his house             She didn’t decorate his house.

ርአይክዎ፡ሎቱ።     :         ኢየርአይክዎ፡ሎቱ።
arʾaykəwwo lotu                              iyarʾaykəwwo lotu
I showed it to him                            I did not show it to him


26.3: Consider the following sentences that use causative verbs:

አሕዘነት፡ሞቱ፡ነገዶ፡ወአቅበርዎ፡ኀበ፡ሞተ።
aḥzanat motu nagado wa-aqbarəwwo xaba mota

His death saddened his family and they had him buried where he died.


አማሰነ፡ንጉሥ፡ሀገረ፡ወአቅተሎሙ፡ለንቡራን፡ወአገበረ፡በምድር፡ዘሞዐ።
amāsana nəguš hagara wa-aqtala nəburānā wa-agabbara ba-mdər za-moʿa.

The king destroyed the city and ordered all its inhabitants killed, and he imposed a tax on the land he conquered.


አንበረ፡እግዚእነ፡አብርሃምሃ፡ውስተ፡ግብጽ፡ወአርከቦ፡ብዙኀ፡እጓለ፡ወብዕለ።
anbara əgzi’əna abrəhāmha wəsta gəbṣ wa-arkabo bəzuxa əgʷala wa-bʿəla

Our Lord settled Abraham in Egypt and he caused him to acquire great progeny and wealth.


አስምዕኩ፡ቃላተ፡ነቢይነ፡ለንቡራነ፡ሀገርየ፡ወባሔቱ፡ኢየብከይዎሙ።
asməʿku qālāta nabiyna la-nəburāna hagar wa-bāḥəttu iyabkayewwomu.

I announced the words of our prophet to the residents of the city but they did not move them to tears.


አንደደ፡ኵሎሙ፡ተርጐምያተ፡ዋንጌል፡እለ፡አጽሕፎሙ።
andadna kʷəllomu targʷamyāta wāngel əlla aṣḥafomu.

All the translations that he has ordered written, we set on fire.